Middle March

 This is a charming vignette of Saint Theresa of Avila as a little girl, holding her brother by the hand, going out into the country side looking for martyrdom, illustrating the “passionate, ideal nature [that demands] an epic life.” Such a girl who has a “rapturous consciousness of life beyond self” could hardly be content with a normal woman’s life. She is the type of many such women today who yearn for an expanded life but are not helped by the “tangled circumstance” of society. This tragic sort of woman in the modern world has no channel for her life force, but only a “vague ideal and the common yearning of womanhood.” She is a swan among ducks and finds no fellowship.
Analysis
Eliot’s famous Prelude to Middlemarch could be the outcry of the Victorian woman, or women of any age, who have no outlet for their talents or direction for their spiritual lives. They are like the child Theresa, who nevertheless, even in a man’s world, grew up to reform a religious order. Eliot sets up an epic question: what sort of heroism is possible in the modern world, especially for women? Her main character, Dorothea Brooke, is such a modern St. Theresa.

Oliver Twist

                                                                                                 Charles Dickens

 In Oliver Twist, Oliver is born in a poor house. He's later sold to an undertaker, from whom he runs away. Oliver then has a series of adventures with the Artful Dodger, the criminal mastermind Fagin, and a woman who turns out to be his aunt.

• Oliver spends part of his childhood in a workhouse for the poor, where one day he goes up to a cook and says his famous lines, "Please, sir, may I have some more?"
  
• After he meets the Artful Dodger and the evil Fagin, he unwittingly joins their gang and becomes a pickpocket.
  
• Oliver is arrested, reprieved, kidnapped, and forced to break into the house of a woman who turns out to be his aunt. He inherits a decent sum of money and thereafter lives a respectable life.

Mourning Become Electra

                                                                      Eugene O'Neill

 The story is a retelling of the Oresteia by Aeschylus. The characters parallel characters from the ancient Greek play. For example, Agamemnon from the Oresteia becomes General Ezra Mannon. Clytemnestra becomes Christine, Orestes becomes Orin, Electra becomes Lavinia, Aegisthus becomes Adam Brant, etc. As a Greek tragedy made modern, the play features murder, adultery, incestuous love and revenge, and even a group of townspeople who function as a kind of Greek chorus. Though fate alone guides characters' actions in Greek tragedies, O'Neill's characters have motivations grounded in 1930s-era psychological theory as well. The play can easily be read from a Freudian perspective, paying attention to various characters' Oedipus complexes and Electra complexes.

Mourning Becomes Electra is divided into three plays with themes that correspond to the Oresteia trilogy. Much like Aeschylus' plays Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers and The Eumenides, these three plays by O'Neil are titled Homecoming, The Hunted, and The Haunted. However, these plays are normally not produced individually, but only as part of the larger trilogy. Each of these plays contains four to five acts, with only the first act of The Haunted being divided into actual scenes, and so Mourning Becomes Electra is extraordinarily lengthy for a drama. In production, it is often cut down. Also, because of the large cast size, it is not performed as often as some of O'Neill's other major plays.

The old man and the sea

                                                                  Ernest Hemingway

In The Old Man and the Sea, an aging Cuban fisherman struggles to make his living. He hasn’t caught anything for 84 days and has lost his apprentice Manolin. He finally catches an enormous marlin, but sharks gradually eat it as he attempts to bring it back to shore.

• An aging Cuban fisherman has lost his beloved young apprentice Manolin as a result, though the unhappy Manolin continues to bring Santiago food and bait.
  
• On his 85th consecutive day without catching anything, Santiago takes his boat far out into the Gulf Stream, where he finds good omens and hooks a marlin so large that it begins to pull his boat.
  
• Santiago struggles with the marlin for two days, during which time he comes to respect and admire the great fish despite his own injuries and exhaustion.
  
• On the third day, Santiago manages to harpoon the marlin—the largest he has ever seen—and secure it to the side of his boat. It will fetch an enormous price.
  
• On the return journey, sharks begin to circle, and though Santiago fights off several, his great marlin is reduced to bones by the time he returns to the harbor. Manolin cares for him, and they make plans to fish together soon.
  

The Scarlet Letter

                                                         Nathaniel Hawthorne

 The year is 1642. Boston is a Puritan settlement, and one of its citizens, Hester Prynne, is led from the prison to the scaffold to stand in judgment before the town magistrates. In her arms, she carries her infant daughter Pearl, whose birth has sparked this inquiry. On the scaffold, Hester refuses to reveal the name of the child's father. As punishment, Hester is forced to wear the scarlet letter A that marks her as an adulteress.

• Hester's long-lost husband, whom she believed to have been killed by the Native Americans, returns to Boston. No one but Hester recognizes him because he has taken the assumed name of Dr. Roger Chillingworth. He forces her to keep his identity a secret as he conducts an investigation into the identity of Pearl's father.
• Hester lives with Pearl at the edge of town while Chillingworth moves in with the beloved Reverend Dimmesdale. Recognizing Dimmesdale as Hester’s one-time lover, Chillingworth torments the guilt-stricken man for years, keeping him alive out of spite.
• Finally, Dimmesdale climbs the scaffold and reveals the letter A that he has been carving into his chest. He confesses in front of everyone, then dies of his wounds in Hester's arms. Chillingworth dies shortly thereafter, having exacted his revenge. Hester leaves Boston, only to return years later and live the rest of her days under the mark of the scarlet letter.

Home Burial

 The poem presents a few moments of charged dialogue in a strained relationship between a rural husband and wife who have lost a child. The woman is distraught after catching sight of the child’s grave through the window—and more so when her husband doesn’t immediately recognize the cause of her distress. She tries to leave the house; he importunes her to stay, for once, and share her grief with him—to give him a chance. He doesn’t understand what it is he does that offends her or why she should grieve outwardly so long. She resents him deeply for his composure, what she sees as his hard-heartedness. She vents some of her anger and frustration, and he receives it, but the distance between them remains. She opens the door to leave, as he calls after her.

Design

 The poem begins with a simple setup—the first three lines introduce us to the main characters. We have a big white spider on a white flower, poised to eat a white moth. The speaker sees this bizarre little albino meeting as some weird witches' brew, as all three are brought together for some awful reason.
That observation leads the speaker to a series of questions: Why is this flower white, when it is usually blue? What brought the spider to that particular flower? What made the moth decide to flutter by right then?
Frost concludes that if it were "design" that brought these three together, it must be some pretty dark design. In other words, it's not a comforting thought to think that God went out of his way just to make sure this moth got eaten. But that's the crucial "if" of the last line: if design does govern these small things. (What if—gulp—there's no design at all, and everything in life is just totally random occurrences?) The reader is left with just as many questions as Frost. This short poem takes a simple little thought and pushes us all the way to questioning the very nature of creation and life as we know it.

The Gift Outrigh

Robert Frost’s “The Gift Outright,” perhaps most famous for having been read by the author at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration on January 20, 1961, discusses the relationship between Americans and America. In its sixteen iambic pentameter lines, the poem questions and affirms Americans’ history as a nation.
Frost begins by setting out the major argument of the poem: “The land was ours before we were the land’s.” He proceeds to explain and clarify that statement. The physical land of America, the plot of earth itself, acts as a major player in the work, the “she” and “her” of his lines. Personifying the land this way results in making it an equal partner with the “we” and “our,” the American citizens who act as the other player.
Frost summarizes the history and politics of the formation of the country by elaborating on this relationship, the “gift” of the title that Americans could not accept without surrendering to it. In the metaphor of the poem, the land gave itself to its citizens while America was still a British colony, so that its people did not “possess” it but merely inhabited it. The first half of the poem sets forth this concept. The second half explains what happened to make Americans “her people.” According to the poem, the “gift” of the title had to be earned by both sides before becoming a gift “outright.”

Mending wall

 In this poem ‘Mending wall’ written by Robert frost. His most of the poem in England life and how people like to material thinks nature and industrial ideas in their life. Here Frost gives reality between real worlds. In poem Robert frost has to create images of wall and how neighbor has build that their wall and their relations are stronger and stronger. But we see that his neighbor is not involved in their work at build wall. We see that in poem so many words like that wall, hill, balls, well sun, thing, stone, mean, line, orgame, twice as rhyme and how poet give ideas between the speaker and builder create wall. When you create a wall the insider and outsider creator becomes problems and both are work together means good relations.

Fire and Ice

 

 

In the poem “fire and ice” written by Robert frost published in 1920. Robert has gives ideas that in this poem very complicated and we know that any one not decided that in world end that fire or ice.  here we can says that in two option that someone say that end of the world will in fire and other say in ice, but we can gives our desire or hate are complicated them and Fire and ice are, after all, the inextricable complementarities of one apocalyptic vision in world.(Wikipedia) And we can think that it discusses the end of the world like the elements force of fire with the emotional desire, and other sides ice with our hate them. In poem has to gives two kinds of thought and also we can argues that Robert frost desire and hate, has to his own experience in this poem. The alternatives in the title represent passion and hatred, two ways of destroying the world, but we  see that poets own biography read them and he inspired by a passage in canto 32 of Dante’s inferno, in which the worst offenders of hell.(Meyers) It may be that poet has read and inspired that Dante’s inferno in his ideas and motivation them in this poems this way of path at Fire and Ice. Here we see this line is like that “From what I’ve tasted of desire” and “I think I know enough of hate’’. Both of lines in poet use words singular “I” has poet himself. And frost has to notorious think that Desire and Hate has the poet own experience in the poem image. At that time poet use words ‘tasted of desire’ and ‘enough of Hate’ has refers to the poet life and his bad experience in his life and he express ideas as consciously in this poem. He gives review that either the sun will explode and incinerate that the earth. And someone say that the earth end them ice, somehow escapes this fate only to end up slowly freeing in deep space. we know that the poet has to inspired that science and arts has to new thinks them and he made this poem at natural experience and he also question that how the earth has end them.  We leave that in end of the world dependent our desire, and other one says that the earth end that our hate, means we can says that our hate to people, end of humanity. We can say that fire and ice are symbols them. One cans no humanity or only hatred has to the end the world.
                                 

Stopping by woods

                                                                                                                 Robert Frost

 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” like many of Frost's poems, explores the theme of the individual caught between nature and civilization. The speaker's location on the border between civilization and wilderness echoes a common theme throughout American literature. The speaker is drawn to the beauty and allure of the woods, which represent nature, but has obligations—“promises to keep”—which draw him away from nature and back to society and the world of men. The speaker is thus faced with a choice of whether to give in to the allure of nature, or remain in the realm of society. Some critics have interpreted the poem as a meditation on death—the woods represent the allure of death, perhaps suicide, which the speaker resists in order to return to the mundane tasks which order daily life.

The Birthday Party

 The Birthday Party, Pinter’s first full-length play, opened in 1958 to terrible reviews at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith. One performance reportedly played to exactly six people. Most critics found the play confusing, obscure, and unconvincing. The general theatergoing public,conditioned by the popular media, were equally dismissive, and the play closed after only a week. It seems that neither the public nor the critics were aesthetically or culturally prepared for Pinter’s style, accustomed as they were to the established genres of the day, which, aside from musicals, consisted of strict realism or drawing-room comedies—the one an act of forceful social engagement, the other a clever, farcical escapism.

                                     The play, in three acts, centers around Stanley Webber, a retired musician in his late thirties, who is living at a boardinghouse in a resort town on the coast of England. Apparently, he is hiding from some unspecified event in his past that has forced him into exile, isolated from the world outside the confines of his room. Living in the house with Stanley are the proprietors, Petey and Meg Boles, both in their sixties. Petey works at a beachside hotel, while Meg manages the house. Aside from an occasional visit from a young woman named Lulu, their lives are dull and ordinary, punctuated only by habit.

                            “The Birthday Party” is a play which falls under the category of absurd theater and comedy of menace. The play includes such features as the fluidity and ambiguity of time, place and identity and the disintegration of language. There are nearly six characters in the play.Petey Boles Chair attendant. Meg Boles -  Petey’s wife. Stanley Webber – A pianist.Lulu  Meg’s neighbor. Nat Goldberg – A Jew McCann – A stranger comes with Nat Goldberg.

Waiting For Godot

                                                                                      Samuel Beckett

 

 Here we can discuss that nothingness in Waiting for Godot it shows some deep meaning in life in different way. And in this play there are five characters. These characters show the thing that nothingness with the help of their dialogues. And we can easily understand these things with the help of their dialogue.

 For my point of view ‘Waiting Godot’ deals with the norms that a desire, a fulfillment, a dream, a hope of somebody is still waiting which has no any end. It is useless, meaningless, monotonous and absurd or nothingness, but in nothingness there is something (A hope).A new day will come with new desire that something fruitful will come for somebody in life. One or two ways it may be God, a fruitful desire will come for somebody who is eagerly waiting that has no any end.

 ‘Waiting for Godot’ gives a message that while doing nothing there is something. “Nothing is also better than something” A person who always has desire for any achievement till birth to death his list of desire will never come to end. In the same way for Godot there is ‘waiting’ which has no any end or meaning. When we are on death bed at that we have many desires to give this thing or that thing to our members, means no end of desire when we are on death bed. There is no meaning of life. Nothingness remains in life.

 First spread some glance about the theme of the play. How Samuel Becket portrayed the theme of nothingness and absurdity with keeping the centre figure Vladimir and Estragon.

To the Light House

                                                              Virginia Woolf

The first part takes place in one day in the life of the Ramsey family and their friends. Rather than choosing a day in which something surprising or life changing occurred, Woolf chose a regular day in which nothing out of the ordinary occurs. Nevertheless, in the space of the everyday, the life of a family is revealed, the role of the mother in shaping her children's imaginations and habits of thought, a marriage relationship, the exchanges between a married woman and a woman artist, and much more.

The second part of the novel, titled "Time Changes," takes place in ten years. World War I occurs during this period as does the deaths of three of the characters, including Mrs. Ramsey. This section of the novel is written from a great distance. It describes the changes of time on the house which the Ramseys have deserted.

Part III, "The Lighthouse," resumes the story of the Ramseys, now without Mrs. Ramsey.

In the first part of the novel, James Ramsey had asked to go to the lighthouse. His mother had said he could and his father had said he could not because the weather would be too rough to allow the boat to land. The novel ends with James achieving his desire and, along with his sister Cam, reconciling with his father. Part III is also a completion of the narration of Lily Briscoe painting a portrait of Mrs. Ramsey. In the absence of Mrs. Ramsey, she completes this portrait begun ten years ago.

The West Land

 "The Waste Land" has long been considered T. S. Eliot's masterpiece. In its five sections, he delves into themes of war, trauma, disillusionment, and death, illuminating the devastating aftereffects of World War I. The poem's final line, however, calls for peace with the repetition of "shantih"

• Part I opens with the famous line, "April is the cruellest month." The speaker, Marie, is a young woman who bears witness to the physical and emotional devastation caused by the war.
  
• Parts II and III describe the inside of a wealthy woman's bedroom and the garbage-filled waters of the Thames, respectively. Part IV eulogizes a drowned man named Phlebas.
  
• In the fifth and final part of the poem, the speaker "translates" the thunderclaps cracking over an Indian jungle. The poem ends with the repetition of the Sanskrit word for peace: "Shantih shantih shantih."

Ode to Autumn

 

In both its form and descriptive surface, “To Autumn” is one of the simplest of Keats’s odes. There is nothing confusing or complex Keats’s paean to the season of autumn, with its fruitfulness its flowers, and the song of is swallows gathering for migration. The extraordinary achievement of this poem lies in its ability to suggestion explore, and develop a rich abundance of themes without ever ruffling its calm gentle, and lovely description of autumn, where “ Ode on Melancholy ” presents itself as a strenuous heroic quest “ To Autumn” is concerned with the much quieter activity of daily observation a appreciation. In this quieted the gathered themes of the preceding odes find the fullest and most beautiful expression.

                             “To Autumn” takes a where the other odes leave off. Like the other, it shows Keats’s speaker paying homage to a particular goddess in this case, the deified season of autumn. The selection of this season implicitly takes up the other ode’s themes of temporality, and change: Autumn in Keats’s ode is a time of warmth and plenty, but it is perched on the brink of winter’s desolation, as the being enjoy. “Later flower”, the harvest is gathered from the fields, the lambs of spring are now “full grown” and in the final line of the poem the swallows gather for their winter migration. The understated sense of inevitable loss in that final line makes it one of the most moving moments in all of poetry; it can be read as a simple uncomplaining summation of the entire human condition.

                              In this poem, the act of creation is pictured as a kind of self harvesting; the pen harvests the fields of the brain and books are filled with the resulting “grain”. In “To Autumn”, the metaphor is developed further; the sense of coming loss that permeates the poem confronts the sorrow underling the season’s creativity. When autumn’s harvest is over, the fields will be bare, the swaths with their “twined flower” cut down, the cider press dry, the skies empty. But the connection of this harvesting to the seasonal cycle softens the edge of the tragedy. In time, spring will come again, the fields will grow again, and the bird song will return.  The development the speaker so strongly resisted in “Indolence” is at last complete: He has learned that an acceptance of morality is not destructive to an appreciation of beauty and has gleaned wisdom by accepting the passage of time. 

Ode to Psyche

In this ode, the story basis on the psyche is a famous myth. Psyche was the youngest and most beautiful daughter of a king. She was so beautiful that Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, was jealous of her. She dispatched her son. Eros the god of love to punish Psyche for being so beautiful. But Eros was so startled by Psyche’s beauty that he pricked himself with his own arrow and fell in love with her. Eros summoned Psyche to his palace, but he remained invisible to her, coming to her only and night and ordering her never to try to see his face. One night Psyche lit a lamp in order to catch a glimpse of her lover, but Eros was so angry with her for breaking his trust that he left her. Psyche was forced to perform a number of difficult tasks to placate. Venus and win back Eros as her husband. The word ‘Psyche’ is Greek for ‘soul’ and it is not difficult to imagine why Keats would have found the story attractive the story of the woman, so beautiful that love fell in love with her.                           

 Additionally; as Keats observed, the myth of Psyche was first recorded by Apuleius in the second century and is thus much more recent than, most myths. It is so recent, infect, that Psyche never worshipped as a real goddess, that slight is what compeers Keats’s speaker to dedicate himself to becoming her temple, her priest and her prophet, all in one. So he has found a way to move beyond the numbness of indolence and has discovered a goddess to worship. To worship Psyche, Keats summons all the resources of his imagination. He will give to Psyche a region of his mind. Where his thoughts will transforms into the sumptuous natural beauties Keats imagine will attract Psyche to her bower in his mind. Taken by itself, “Ode to Psyche” is simply a song to love and the creative imagination in the full contexts of the odes, it represents a crucial step between “Ode on I indolence” and “Ode to Nightingale” the speaker has become preoccupied with creativity but his imagination is still directed toward wholly internal ends. He wants to partake of divine permanence by taking his goddess into himself; he has not yet become interested in the outward imaginative expression of art.

Ode to Nightingale

   
         “Ode to Nightingale” Keats’s speaker begins his fullest and deepest exploration of the themes of creative expression and the morality of human life. In this ode, the transience of life and the tragedy of old age is set against the eternal renewal of the Nightingale’s fluid music. The speaker reprises the “drowsy numbness” he experienced is ‘Ode on Indolence’ that numbness was a sign of disconnection from experience, in ‘Nightingale’ it is a sign of tool full a connection: “being too happy in thine happiness”, as the speaker tells the Nightingale; hearing the song of the nightingale, the speaker longs for a ‘draught’ of vintage’ to transport him out of himself. But after his meditation in the third stanza on the  transience of life, he rejects the idea of being “ charioted by Bacchus and his pard’s and chooses instead of embrace, for the first time since he refused to follow the figures in “Indolence” the viewless wings of poesy”.

                                    The rapture of poetic inspiration matches the endless creative rapture of the nightingale’s music and lets the speaker, in stanza five through seven, imagine himself with the bird in the darkened forest. The ecstatic music even encourager’s the speaker to embrace the idea of dying of painlessly succumbing to death while enraptured by the Nightingale’s music and never experiencing and further pain or disappointment. But when his meditation causes him to utter the word “forlorn” he comes back to himself, recognizing his fancy for what it is- an imagined escape from the inescapable. As the Nightingale flies away, the intensity of the speaker’s experience has left him shaken, unable to remember whether he is awake or a sleep.

                                He can imagine the light of the moon, “But here there is no light”, he knows he is surrounded by flowers, but he “cannot see what flowers” are at his feet. This suppression will find its match in “Ode on Grecian Urn”, which is in many ways a companion poem to “Ode to Nightingale.” In the later poem, the speaker art subject not subject to any of the limitations of time; in “Nightingale”, he has achieved creative expression and has placed his faith in it, but that expression the Nightingale song is spontaneous and without physical manifestation. 

Grecian Urn

                                                                                                                     john keats 

Imagined melodies are lovelier than those heard by human ears. Therefore the poet urges the musician pictured on the urn to play on. His song can never end nor the trees ever shed their leaves. The lover on the urn can never win a kiss from his beloved, but his beloved can never lose her beauty. Happy are the trees on the urn, for they can never lose their leaves. Happy is the musician forever playing songs forever new. The lovers on the urn enjoy a love forever warm, forever panting, and forever young, far better than actual love, which eventually brings frustration and dissatisfaction.

 Fair urn, Keats says, adorned with figures of men and maidens, trees and grass, you bring our speculations to a point at which thought leads nowhere, like meditation on eternity. After our generation is gone, you will still be here, a friend to man, telling him that beauty is truth and truth is beauty — that is all he knows on earth and all he needs to know.

Frankenstein

 

 

 

                                                                                                  Mary Shelley

 

The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823. In the novel, the monster is identified via words such as "creature", "monster", "fiend", "wretch", "vile insect", "daemon", "being", and "it”. Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the monster refers to himself as "the Adam of your labors", and elsewhere as someone who "would have" been "your Adam", but is instead "your fallen angel."

Frankenstein is infused with some elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic Movement and is also considered to be one of the earliest examples of science fiction. it should be considered the first true science fiction story, because unlike in previous stories with fantastical elements resembling those of later science fiction, the central character "makes a deliberate decision" and "turns to modern experiments in the laboratory" to achieve fantastic results. It has had a considerable influence across literature and popular culture and spawned a complete genre of horror stories, films, and plays.

The novel has many characters. Among all character the character of Creation of Victor Frankenstein is an antagonist of novel. The antagonist is Frankenstein – Monster. Victor created the Frankenstein and after seeing, Victor frightened and did not accept. So hatred of master and society made the Frankenstein as a Monster.

Sense and Sensibility

                                                                               Jane Austen

The plot of Sense and Sensibility revolves around marriage. The novel begins with Elinor and Marianne asunmarried but eligible young women and only concludes when both of them settle into marriages.Engagements, possible matches, and marriages are the main concern of most the novel’s characters and thesubject of much of their conversation. Thus, love is also of central importance to the novel, as Marianne andElinor fall in love and seek to marry the men they love.

However, marriage isn’t all about love in the world of Sense and Sensibility. In fact, it’s often more aboutwealth, uniting families, and gaining social standing. Moreover, it’s often families and parents who attempt todecide engagements as much as any individual husband or wife. Mrs. Ferrars, for example, cares only abouther sons marrying wealthy, upperclasswomen. She does not care whether Edward loves Lucy and cuts all tieswith him when she learns of their engagement. For her, the decision of whom her sons will marry is as muchhers as theirs, because their marriages are more about their whole family than about their own individualdesires.

Marriage is an important part of the functioning of the high society in which Austen’s characters live. Itdetermines who will inherit family fortunes and properties, and is of particular importance to women, whosefutures depend almost entirely on the prospects of the men they marry. Nonetheless, while people in the noveloften marry for reasons other than love (Willoughby, for example, marries Miss Grey just for money),Elinorand Marianne ultimately do marry for love. For Marianne, though, this means redefining her notion of loveand allowing herself to develop affections for Colonel Brandon, even though she did not love him at first sight.

The novel is full of many love stories and marriage. They make the plot aswell as bring romantic atmosphere.

The Purpose

 

                                                           Kailasam

Kailasam was born in a Tamil family in south Karnataka in India. He was play writer and Geologist. He wrote The Purpose in 1944 which is based on great Indian Epic ‘Mahabharata’. In this play he focus on main three characters like Arjuna, Eklavya and Guru Dron.

       In the story of Mahabharata ‘Arjune’ is the hero while studying under Dronacharya or throughout the epic. But here in The Purpose Kailasam more focus on the character of ‘Eklavya’. And he is the main hero or character of The Purpose.

       The protagonist of the play is Eklavya. He is nishada. He also want to become the best archer of the world as same Arjuna also want to be. Eklavya really like the techniques of Drona but he also recognize the Arjuna as a novice.

Ekalavya: “…..this Must be the great Drnacharya! Who else could in a few moments and with a few words turn a voice into a good archer already! Why, I am better myself for listening to him and following his words!”

       Through these type of dialogues we can see that how he love to be best archer. But only because of his caste he can’t be like Arjuna or perhaps better than Arjuna. So, after all we can say that T.P. Kailasam give the eyes to Arjuna. And he wants to highlight the character of Eklavya who is very minor character in Mahabharata. And through the archery Eklavya want to save the innocent animals from cruel animals and desire to learn archery. So his purpose is not self centre but it is for others. Wile, Arjuna wants to be the greatest archer of the world. So, we can say that his purpose is self centered. Thus, Kailasam gives the voice to the subaltern character like Eklavya.

Kanthapura

                                                                                                    Raja Rao

 The story is narrated in flashback by Achakka, a wise woman in the village. She, like her female audience (whom she addresses as “sisters”), has survived the turbulence of social and political change which was induced by Mohandas K. Gandhi’s passive resistance against the British government. Achakka provides a detailed picture of the rural setting, establishing both an ambiance and a rhythm for the novel. It is clear that her speech and idiomatic expression are meant to express a distinctively feminine viewpoint an extraordinary achievement for a male Indo-English novelist. Achakka quickly creates a faithful image of an Indian way of life, circumscribed by tradition and indebted to its deities, of whom Kenchamma, the great and bounteous goddess, is made the village protectress. She is invoked in every chapter, for the characters never forget that her power resides in her past action. It is she who humanizes the villagers, and their chants and prayers ring out from time to time.

The Fakeer of Jungheera

 

 

                                                                 Henry Louis Vivian Derozio.

He was born on 18th April, 1809 in Kolkata, West Bengal. He was a lecturer and poet. He is considered to be an academic and educator. During his time Literary Movement of Bengal Renaissance was undergoing. He was an Indian poet and assistant head principal at the Hindu College of Kolkata. He was a radical thinker and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate western Education and science among the young men of Bengal. He died of Cholera at the age of 22.

It is a tragic love story of a Nuleeni- a young widow and Muslim Fakeer.

The poem begins with the description of nature and then moves into the serious issues going in the society like “Sati-Pratha”.

 Nuleeni was brought to the spot where her husband is to be cremated. Women were singing songs praising sati, but Nuleeni was lost in the thoughts of Fakeer. She refuses to die on the funeral pyre of her husband and escapes with the bandit faker to his cave in Jungheera to a life from death. She escaped death but she starts a life of forbidden love though frightened by vicious social norms.

At last both of them are killed by the society.

Tom Jones

                                                                                            

 

                                                                       Henry Fielding.

     

  Tom Jones written by Henry Fielding. He was born in England   22, 1707. He is a poet; playwright, journalist, and novelist produced a work in his literary. Henry fielding's is a satires of the novel. Tom Jones novel is a comic, epic or very lengthy. Henry is a name in his work of the novel. Henry uses satire to convince his idea.Most of the writer uses satire for his work.

         Tom is a protagonist of the novel. He is   a young man and command name of the novel. Tom Jones is a belonging to middle class family. Tom Jones; grows up to be a brave and handsome man. Tom Jones is a most important character of the novel. Tom Jones is rebellious young man. Tom is a anti-traditional man Tom Jones as a realistic novel. He is a unperfected novel because they are not successful man or they have not any idea or lower cast of the people. Tom character is most important and different language. He is a not good man.

              All of the plays are comedies and most of them have a satirical edge. Dramatist realized for their appeal on the literary, social and political satire they contained. However the nature of his satire began to change to concentrate on larger, once more fundamental problems concerning man and his relation society. He is no long satire concern in evil society. He switches the dramatist to novelist that has any satires of the play. Tom Jones fielding primarily use the two method of characterization; first all Action and second of the Authorial description. Tom Jones as a Squire Western man much given to enjoy your life.  Tom Jones book is a very  famous and story is a very different of the play. Tom Jones actions consistently indicate the impulsive nature of youth a carpe diem philosophy. Tom Jones as a comic, epic or prose. They play write a critical appreciation of tom Jones. They writing are very long and  simple novelist. In his novel there is a so many different type of satire. Satirists have utilized scatological and bathroom

  ‘‘  Religion, politics and sexuality, are the primary stuff of literary satire.’’

Robinson crusoe

                                                                                                              Daniel Defoe

 The famous story of Robinson Crusoe can be divided into three parts: Robinson’s youth and the time up to his shipwreck; his twenty-eight years on an uninhabited island; his lie and adventures after being rescued from the island. Published in 1719, Defoe places his story in the 17^th century in England, north Africa, Brazil, an island off the coast of Venezuela and back to Europe.

The first part of the novel relates that, against the advice of his father, Robinson wishes to pursue his livelihood by going to sea. He does so and after a false start has some success but a third voyage ends in slavery. He eventually escapes and is helped to Brazil where he becomes a successful plantation owner. He embarks on a slave gathering expedition to West Africa but is shipwrecked off the coast of Venezuela in a terrible storm.

The bulk of the novel attends to Robinson’s life on the island —how he accomplishes his survival and even establishes his "kingdom"; how he moves from a frantic state of discontent to one of resignation and contentment; how he meets Friday and, finally, how he leaves the island.

Though anticlimactic, the third part of the novel traces Robinson’s securing of wealth through the honesty and loyalty of friends, his return to England, travels through the continent and a last trip to his island to see how those he left there fared.

Gulliver's Travels

                                                                                                     Jonathan swift
 
Gulliver goes on four separate voyages in Gulliver's Travels. Each journey is preceded by a storm. All four voyages bring new perspectives to Gulliver's life and new opportunities for satirizing the ways of England.
The first voyage is to Lilliput, where Gulliver is huge and the Lilliputians are small. At first the Lilliputians seem amiable, but the reader soon sees them for the ridiculous and petty creatures they are. Gulliver is convicted of treason for "making water" in the capital (even though he was putting out a fire and saving countless lives)--among other "crimes."
The second voyage is to Brobdingnag, a land of Giants where Gulliver seems as small as the Lilliputians were to him. Gulliver is afraid, but his keepers are surprisingly gentle. He is humiliated by the King when he is made to see the difference between how England is and how it ought to be. Gulliver realizes how revolting he must have seemed to the Lilliputians.

Gulliver's third voyage is to Laputa (and neighboring Luggnagg and Glubdugdribb). In a visit to the island of Glubdugdribb, Gulliver is able to call up the dead and discovers the deceptions of history. In Laputa, the people are over-thinkers and are ridiculous in other ways. Also, he meets the Stuldbrugs, a race endowed with immortality. Gulliver discovers that they are miserable.
His fourth voyage is to the land of the Houyhnhnms, who are horses endowed with reason. Their rational, clean, and simple society is contrasted with the filthiness and brutality of the Yahoos, beasts in human shape. Gulliver reluctantly comes to recognize their human vices. Gulliver stays with the Houyhnhnms for several years, becoming completely enamored with them to the point that he never wants to leave. When he is told that the time has come for him to leave the island, Gulliver faints from grief. Upon returning to England, Gulliver feels disgusted about other humans, including his own family.

The Ecstasy

    
                             

                    The Ecstasy by Johan Donne is a poem about define and spiritual experience in love. The pain of love and his beloved which we find in his poem has reached such a high of love. The poem is addressed by the lover who describes in detail the experience of ecstasy love.

                                                          Here the poem Donne is great idea of love and thinking of wonderfully explain that how do you love highly of nature and impress of life. Both the lover and his beloved set for the whole day on the bank of a river in the same manner as a bed as always a company of Pillow. These two images in the very opening of the poem qualify the present of poem as a metaphysical poem. Their hands are committed – they have set on the bank of river hand, though no words exchange between the two. Their four eyes became one and get tide up with an indivisible thread. Both realize an exchange of words between their souls though body doesn’t speak. The soul of both speak  the same and listen the same and so the lovers find  it difficult to realize what exactly is exchanged between the two both the knowledge that it is not love of body ,for a body. It is beloved two souls. 

                                                     Those states of Ecstasy which the lover and his beloved experience here reflect Johan Donne’s knowledge about Indian philosophy and particularly ‘THE GEETA’. Johan Donne might be familiar with philosophic ‘THE GEETA’ because the way this lover describes his experience of excitements involves the philosophy of The Geeta. The Geeta explains in the very opening that soul remains an effected and nothing can hand soul. Fire cannot born it water cannot wet it and wind cannot dry it. It is everlasting and immortal. Even this lover in the poem is soul always remains effectual and since it is love between two soul nothing would harm their love seeing the love even those people weak would realize that love can hate. The loves become a divided experience. Both have come to a STAVE when they become aware of the truth that body has no signification in love. It is trough soul that love is to be express at end not to body.

                                                                 Their ECSTASY makes them aware at the truth that body is their but they are not body. It is here that the meeting paint takes place between ‘THE GEETA’ and spiritual love of the lovers. The lovers considered to such a Devin experience of love is possible anything greater and higher in love to achieved. It is this experience of ECSTASY which love accepts as the happiness of god almighty. 

The Flea

 

 

 The speaker uses the occasion of a flea hopping from himself to a young lady as an excuse to argue that the to of them should make love. Since in the flea their blood is mixed together, he says that they have already been made as one in the body of the flea. Besides, the flea pricked her and got what it wanted without having to woo her. The flea’s bite and mingling of their bloods is not considered a sin, so why should their love- making?

                      In the second stanza the speaker attempts to prevent the woman formed killing the flea. He argues that since the flea contains the “life” of both herself and the speaker, she would be guilty both of suicide and a triple homicide in killing it.

                      The woman in question is obviously not convinced, for in the third stanza she has killed the flea with a fingernail. The speaker than turns this around to point out that, although the flea which contained portions of their lives is dead, neither of them is weaker for it. If this commingling of bodily fluids can leave no lasting effect, then why does she hesitate to join with him in sexual intimacy? After all, her honor will be equally undiminished.

The Dream

 

‘The Dream’ is a metaphysical poem. The poem is addressed by a lover to his beloved. It uses the feminine pronoun. His dream not based on imagination but based on reason and logic.

“Dearest, for nothing worthless than you

Would I have woke up from this dream;

For reality was stronger than fantasy.”

His dream discontinues not because of her voice but her eye just like lightening. He compared to her with an angel.

Donne uses conceit in this line word like “Lightening”.

“As lightening, or the light of a candle,

Your eyes, and not your voice woke me;”

There is irony in the lines,

“Yet I thought theel-

For thou lovest truth-

An angel, at first sight”

He compare his love with torch and gave element of fear Sin and Shame for pure love.

“Love becomes weak with fear and if this fear is a mixture of shame, then have honor like torches, which must be ready for men to light and put out, so you deal with me;”

He is expressing his love in a metaphysical stage. Donne uses far-fetched images like,

‘Lightening’, ‘Torch’, ‘Mixture’, ‘Prophane’, etc…